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Oryzomys gorgasi : ウィキペディア英語版
Oryzomys gorgasi

''Oryzomys gorgasi'', also known as Gorgas's oryzomys〔Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1148〕 or Gorgas's rice rat,〔 is a rodent in the genus ''Oryzomys'' of family Cricetidae. First collected as a living animal in 1967, it is known from only a few localities, including a freshwater swamp in the lowlands of northwestern Colombia and a mangrove islet in northwestern Venezuela. It formerly occurred on the island of Curaçao off northwestern Venezuela; this extinct population has been described as a separate species, ''Oryzomys curasoae'', but does not differ morphologically from mainland populations.
''Oryzomys gorgasi'' is a medium-sized, brownish species with large, semiaquatically specialized feet. It differs from other ''Oryzomys'' species in several features of its skull. Its diet includes crustaceans, insects, and plant material, and parasitic nematodes infect it. The species is listed as "Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature due to destruction of its habitat and competition with the introduced black rat (''Rattus rattus'').
==Taxonomy==
''Oryzomys gorgasi'' was first found in Antioquia Department of northwestern Colombia in 1967 during an expedition by the U.S. Army Medical Department and the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory. In 1971, Field Museum zoologist Philip Hershkovitz described a new species, ''Oryzomys gorgasi'', on the basis of the single known specimen, an old male. He named the animal after physician William Crawford Gorgas, the namesake of the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory.〔Hershkovitz, 1971, p. 700〕 Hershkovitz considered the new species most closely related to ''Oryzomys palustris'', which at the time included North and Central American populations now divided into several species, including the marsh rice rat (''O. palustris'') and ''O. couesi''.〔Hershkovitz, 1971, p. 707; Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 116〕 The species was not recorded again until 2001, when Venezuelan zoologist J. Sánchez H. and coworkers reported on 11 specimens collected in coastal northwestern Venezuela in 1992, 700 km (400 mi) from the Colombian locality.〔Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 206〕 They confirmed that ''O. gorgasi'' is a distinct species related to the ''O. palustris'' group.〔Sánchez et al., 2001, p. 210〕
In 2001, Donald McFarlane and Adolphe Debrot described a new ''Oryzomys'' species from the Dutch island of Curaçao off northwestern Venezuela. For their description, they used subfossil material from owl pellets, including two partial skulls and several hemimandibles. They referred the species to ''Oecomys'',〔McFarlane and Debrot, 2001, p. 184〕 a group of arboreal (tree-living), mainly South American rodents related to ''Oryzomys''.〔Weksler, 2006〕 ''O. curasoae'' has also been known as the "Curaçao Rice Rat"〔Lamoreux, 2008〕 and the "Curaçao Oryzomys".〔
Marcelo Weksler and colleagues removed most of the species then placed in ''Oryzomys'' from the genus in 2006, retaining only the marsh rice rat and related species, including ''O. gorgasi''. They also kept ''O. curasoae'' in the genus and suggested that it may not be distinct from ''O. gorgasi''.〔Weksler et al., 2006, table 1, footnote e〕 In a 2009 paper, R.S. Voss and Weksler examined the two and concluded that they represented the same species on the basis of direct comparisons and a phylogenetic analysis.〔Voss and Weksler, 2009, p. 78〕 The resultant tree placed ''O. curasoae'' and ''O. gorgasi'' sister to each other and closer to ''O. couesi'' than to the marsh rice rat.〔Voss and Weksler, 2009, fig. 1〕 Accordingly, they placed ''O. curasoae'' as a junior synonym of the earlier described ''O. gorgasi''.〔Voss and Weksler, 2009, p. 73〕
''Oryzomys gorgasi'' is the southeasternmost representative of the genus ''Oryzomys'', which extends north into the eastern United States (marsh rice rat, ''O. palustris'').〔Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 106〕 ''O. gorgasi'' is further part of the ''O. couesi'' section, which is centered around the widespread Central American ''O. couesi'' and also includes six other species with more limited and peripheral distributions.〔Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 117〕 Many aspects of the systematics of the ''O. couesi'' section remain unclear and it is likely that the current classification underestimates the true diversity of the group.〔Carleton and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2009, p. 107〕 ''Oryzomys'' is classified in the tribe Oryzomyini, a diverse assemblage of American rodents of over a hundred species,〔Weksler, 2006, p. 3〕 and on higher taxonomic levels in the subfamily Sigmodontinae of family Cricetidae, along with hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents.〔Musser and Carleton, 2005〕

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